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< m e t a h t t p - e q u i v = " C o n t e n t - t y p e " c o n t e n t = " t e x t / h t m l ; c h a r s e t = I S O - 8 8 5 9 - 2 " >
< t i t l e > S z y b k o [ r e a k c j i , e n e r g i a a k t y w a c j i , k a t a l i z a . < / t i t l e >
< l i n k r e l = " S t y l e s h e e t " h r e f = " s t y l e . c s s " t y p e = " t e x t / c s s " >
< / h e a d >
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< p a l i g n = c e n t e r > < b r > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > < B > S z y b k o [ r e a k c j i , e n e r g i a a k t y w a c j i , k a t a l i z a . < i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 3 . g i f " >
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< b r > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = < B R >
< / p > < p a l i g n = l e f t > < / B >
< B > S z y b k o [ r e a k c j i < / B > c h e m i c z n e j v m i e r z y m y z m i a n s t |e n i a c r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t a n c j i . J e s t t o t z w . Zr e d n i a s z y b k o [ r e a k c j i . R z e c z y w i s t a s z y b k o [ r e a k c j i w d a n e j c h w i l i t o s t o s u n e k n i e s k o Dc z e n i e m a Be j z m i a n y s t |e n i a s u b s t r a t ó w l u b p r o d u k t ó w d o n i e s k o Dc z e n i e m a Be j z m i a n y c z a s u .
V = d c / d t < B R >
J e |e l i s z y b k o [ r e a k c j i m i e r z y m y u b y t k i e m s t |e n i a s u b s t r a t ó w t o p r z e d i l o c z y n e m d c / d t s t a w i a m y z n a k m i n u s , p o n i e w a | p o d c z a s p r z e b i e g u r e a k c j i s t |e n i a s u b s t r a t ó w s y s t e m a t y c z n i e m a l e j . < B R >
C h w i l o w s z y b k o [ r e a k c j i m o |n a w y z n a c z y g r a f i c z n i e z t a n g e n s a k t a n a c h y l e n i a a l f a , j a k i t w o r z y s t y c z n a d o k r z y w e j z m i a n s t |e n i a , w p u n k c i e o d p o w i a d a j c y m c z a s o w i t . < B R > < B R >
S z y b k o [ r e a k c j i z a l e |y o d : < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > c h e m i c z n e g o c h a r a k t e r u r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t a n c j i ( c z s t e c z k i , j o n y , r o d n i k i ) , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > s t |e n i a s u b s t a n c j i , a w p r z y p a d k u s u b s t a n c j i g a z o w y c h t a k |e o d c i [n i e D p a r c j a l n y c h , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > t e m p e r a t u r y , w k t ó r e j p r z e b i e g a r e a k c j a , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > m e c h a n i z m u p r z e m i a n y s u b s t r a t ó w w p r o d u k t y , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > o b e c n o [c i s u b s t a n c j i w p By w a j c y c h n a w i e l k o [ e n e r g i i a k t y w a c j i , c z y l i k a t a l i z a t o r ó w , i n h i b i t o r ó w & < B R > < B R >
S z y b k o [ r e a k c j i j e s t w p r o s t p r o p o r c j o n a l n a d o : < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > l i c z b y z d e r z e D w j e d n o s t c e c z a s u , c o z a l e |y o d s t |e D r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t a n c j i i i c h e n e r g i i k i n e t y c z n e j , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > s t o s u n k u z d e r z e D e f e k t y w n y c h d o c a Bk o w i t e j l i c z b y z d e r z e D, a t o z a l e |y o d e n e r g i i r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t a n c j i . < B R > < B R >
< B > E n e r g i a a k t y w a c j i . < / B > < B R >
A b y p o w s t a By n o w e w i z a n i a c h e m i c z n e , t z n . a b y z d e r z e n i e b y Bo e f e k t y w n e , r e a g u j c e c z s t e c z k i m u s z p o s i a d a e n e r g i w i k s z o d p e w n e j o k r e [l o n e j e n e r g i i g r a n i c z n e j , z w a n e j e n e r g i a k t y w a c j i . J e s t o n a r ó |n a d l a r ó |n y c h r e a k c j i . < B R >
Z o s t a j e z u |y t a n a : < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > p o k o n a n i e s i B o d p y c h a n i a , j a k i e p o j a w i a j s i m i d z y c z s t e c z k a m i w w y n i k u z b l i |a n i a s i p o w Bo k e l e k t r o n o w y c h , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > r o z l u zn i e n i e w i z a D w r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t r a t a c h , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > p r z e g r u p o w a n i e e l e k t r o n ó w i a t o m ó w w c z s t e c z k a c h p r o d u k t ó w p o [r e d n i c h . < B R >
< B R >
< B > K a t a l i z a . < / B > < B R >
J e s t t o z j a w i s k o p r z y s p i e s z e n i a r e a k c j i w o b e c n o [c i k a t a l i z a t o r a . < B R >
< B > K a t a l i z a t o r < / B > t o s u b s t a n c j a , k t ó r a c h o u c z e s t n i c z y w r e a k c j i c h e m i c z n e j t o p o j e j z a k o Dc z e n i u p o z o s t a j e n i e z m i e n i o n a . P r z y s p i e s z a o n a r e a k c j c h e m i c z n w s k u t e k o b n i |e n i a e n e r g i i a k t y w a c j i .
J e |e l i s u b s t r a t Bc z y s i z k a t a l i z a t o r e m b a r d z o m o c n o t o d o c h o d z i d o z w i k s z e n i a b a r i e r y e n e r g e t y c z n e j . M a m y w ó w c z a s d o c z y n i e n i a z k a t a l i z u j e m n , a k a t a l i z a t o r o p ó zn i a j c y n a z y w a m y < B > i n h i b i t o r e m < / B > . < B R >
Z a l e |n i e o d s t a n u s k u p i e n i a r e a g u j c y c h s u b s t a n c j i i k a t a l i z a t o r ó w p r o c e s y k a t a l i z y d z i e l i m y n a < B > h o m o g e n i c z n e i h e t e r o g e n i c z n e < / B > . < B R > < B R >
K a t a l i z a h o m o g e n i c z n a z a c h o d z i w u k Ba d a c h j e d n o r o d n y c h . K a t a l i z a t o r w y s t p u j e w t e j s a m e j f a z i e ( g a z y , c i e c z e & ) c o r e a g u j c e s u b s t a n c j e . W r o z t w o r a c h w o d n y c h i n i e w o d n y c h b a r d z o c z s t o w i |e s i z o b e c n o [c i k w a s ó w l u b z a s a d ( n p . : h y d r o l i z a s k r o b i p r z e b i e g a z n a c z n i e s z y b c i e j w [r o d o w i s k u k w a [n y m , a r o z k Ba d n a d t l e n k u w o d o r u w z a s a d o w y m ) . < B R > < B R >
K a t a l i z a h e t e r o g e n i c z n a z a c h o d z i w u k Ba d a c h n i e j e d n o r o d n y c h . K a t a l i z a t o r s t a n o w i o d r b n f a z u k Ba d u , n a j c z [c i e j j e s t t o s u b s t a n c j a s t a Ba z w a n a k o n t a k t e m . K a t a l i z a t a m a s z e r o k i e z a s t o s o w a n i e w p r z e m y [l e . < B R > < B R >
J a k o [ k a t a l i z a t o r a c h a r a k t e r y z u j t a k i e p a r a m e t r y j a k : < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > a k t y w n o [, < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > s e l e k t y w n o [, < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > o d p o r n o [ n a s t a r z e n i e , < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > o d p o r n o [ n a z a t r u c i a . < B R > < B R >
K a t a l i z a t o r y s t y m a k t y w n i e j s z e , i m s i l n i e j o b n i |a j e n e r g i e a k t y w a c j i . < B R >
S e l e k t y w n o [ p o l e g a n a z d o l n o [c i k a t a l i z a t o r a d o o b n i |e n i a e n e r g i i a k t y w a c j i j e d n e j t y l k o r e a k c j i z k i l k u t e r m o d y n a m i c z n i e m o |l i w y c h . < B R >
Z j a w i s k o s t a r z e n i a s i k a t a l i z a t o r a w i |e s i z e z m i a n j e g o s t r u k t u r y k r y s t a l i c z n e j . P r z e c h o d z e n i e w t r w a l s z s i e k r y s t a l o g r a f i c z n p r o w a d z i d o z n a c z n e g o z m n i e j s z e n i a l i c z b y c e n t r ó w a k t y w n y c h ( m i e j s c n a k a t a l i z a t o r z e , u c z e s t n i c z c y c h w a k c i e k a t a l i z y ) i u t r a t y a k t y w n o [c i k a t a l i t y c z n e j . < B R >
O d p o r n o [ n a z a t r u c i a t o z d o l n o [ d o z a c h o w a n i a s w o j e j a k t y w n o [c i w o b e c n o [c i n i e d u |y c h i l o [c i z a n i e c z y s z c z e D.
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