ÿþ< ! d o c t y p e h t m l p u b l i c " - / / W 3 C / / D T D H T M L 4 . 0 T r a n s i t i o n a l / / E N " >
< h t m l >
< h e a d >
< m e t a h t t p - e q u i v = " C o n t e n t - t y p e " c o n t e n t = " t e x t / h t m l ; c h a r s e t = I S O - 8 8 5 9 - 2 " >
< t i t l e > P o d s t a w o w e p o j c i a i p r a w a c h e m i c z n e . < / t i t l e >
< l i n k r e l = " S t y l e s h e e t " h r e f = " s t y l e . c s s " t y p e = " t e x t / c s s " >
< / h e a d >
< b o d y >
< p a l i g n = c e n t e r > < b r > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = < B R >
< i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 2 . g i f " > < B > P o d s t a w o w e p o j c i a i p r a w a c h e m i c z n e . < i m g s r c = " g f x / l i n k 3 . g i f " >
< / a l i g n >
< b r > = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = < B R >
< / p > < p a l i g n = l e f t >
1 . P r a w o z a c h o w a n i a m a s y : < / B > ( 1 7 8 5 r . , A n t o n i e L a u r e n t L a v o i s i e r ) , m a s a p r o d u k t ó w j e s t r ó w n a m a s i e s u b s t r a t ó w r e a k c j i . < B R > < B >
2 . P r a w o s t a Bo [c i s k Ba d u ( s t o s u n k ó w s t a By c h ) : < / B > ( 1 7 9 9 r . , J o s e p h L o u i s P r o u s t ) , s t o s u n e k i l o [c i o w y p i e r w i a s t k ó w w k a |d y m o d r b n y m z w i z k u c h e m i c z n y m j e s t z a w s z e s t a By , c h a r a k t e r y s t y c z n y d l a d a n e g o z w i z k u i n i e z a l e |y o d s p o s o b u p o w s t a w a n i a t e g o z w i z k u . N p . : w o d ó r d o t l e n u w w o d z i e z a w s z e w s t o s u n k u w a g o w y m 1 : 8 . < B R > < B >
3 . P r a w o s t a Bo [c i s k Ba d u ( s t o s u n k ó w w i e l o k r o t n y c h ) : < / B > ( D a l t o n ) , g d y d w a p i e r w i a s t k i Bc z s i z e s o b i t w o r z w i c e j n i | j e d e n z w i z e k , m a s y j e d n e g o p i e r w i a s t k a , k t ó r e Bc z s i z p e w n y m i m a s a m i d r u g i e g o p i e r w i a s t k a , p o z o s t a j w z a j e m n i e w s t o s u n k u p r o s t y c h l i c z b c a Bk o w i t y c h . N p . : w o d a s k Ba d a s i z w o d o r u i t l e n u w s t o s u n k u w a g o w y m 1 : 8 , n a d t l e n e k w o d o r u z w o d o r u i t l e n u w s t o s u n k u w a g o w y m 1 : 1 6 . M a s a t l e n u Bc z c e g o s i z t a k s a m m a s w o d o r u 1 g , w w o d z i e i n a d t l e n k u w o d o r u w y n o s i o d p o w i e d n i o 8 g i 1 6 g ; i l o [c i t e p o z o s t a j w s t o s u n k u p r o s t y c h l i c z b c a Bk o w i t y c h 1 : 2 . < B R > < B >
4 . P r a w a g a z ó w d o s k o n a By c h : < B R > < / B >
- r ó w n a n i e < B > C l a p e y r o n a < / B > d l a j e d n e g o m o l a g a z u m a p o s t a < B > p V = R T < / B > , g d z i e < B > R t o s t a Ba g a z o w a < / B > p o s t a c i P 0 V 0 / T 0 , P 0 c i [n i e n i e g a z u w t e m p = 0 0 C , V 0 o b j t o [ g a z u w t e m p = 0 0 C , T 0 0 0 C = 2 7 3 , 1 6 K , < B R >
< B > R = 8 , 3 1 3 J * m o l - 1 * K - 1 < / B > , < B R >
- < B > r ó w n a n i e s t a n u g a z o w e g o < / B > : p V n R T , g d z i e n t o i l o [ m o l i = m / M < B R >
- < B > p r a w o A v o g a d r y < / B > : o b j t o [c i g a z o w y c h s u b s t r a t ó w i p r o d u k t ó w ( w j e d n a k o w y c h w a r u n k a c h c i [n i e n i a i t e m p e r a t u r y ) p o z o s t a j d o s i e b i e w s t o s u n k u m a By c h l i c z b c a Bk o w i t y c h , < B R >
- < B > o b j t o [ m o l o w a g a z u < / B > : V m t o s t o s u n e k m a s y m o l o w e j s u b s t a n c j i d o j e j g s t o [c i , w w a r u n k a c h n o r m a l n y c h o b j t o [ m o l o w a g a z u d o s k o n a Be g o w y n o s i 2 2 , 4 d m 3 * m o l - 1 , < B R >
< B > G a z d o s k o n a By < / B > : h i p o t e t y c z n y g a z , w k t ó r y m n i e u w z g l d n i a s i o b j t o [c i w Ba s n e j c z s t e c z e k ( c z s t e c z k i t r a k t u j e s i j a k o p u n k t y m a t e r i a l n e ) o r a z o d d z i a By w a n i a p o m i d z y n i m i . < B R >
< B > G s t o [ w z g l d n a i b e z w z g l d n a g a z u : < / B > < B R >
< B > 5 . M a s a a t o m o w a : < / B > m a s a a t o m u w y r a |o n a w j e d n o s t k a c h m a s y a t o m o w e j u . O k r e [l a o n a , i l e r a z y m a s a a t o m u d a n e g o p i e r w i a s t k a j e s t w i k s z a o d 1 / 1 2 m a s y a t o m u w g l a 1 2 C . A t o m y z n a n y c h n a m p i e r w i a s t k ó w m a j m a s y a t o m o w e z a w a r t e w g r a n i c a c h o d 1 d o 2 6 1 u . < B R >
M a s a a t o m o w a p i e r w i a s t k a A w s t a n o w i [r e d n i w a |o n m a s a t o m o w y c h , u w z g l d n i a j c p r o c e n t o w e w y s t p o w a n i e w s z y s t k i c h i z o t o p ó w d a n e g o p i e r w i a s t k a w p r z y r o d z i e . O b l i c z a m y j z e w z o r u : < B R >
< B > G d z i e : < B R >
A w m a s a a t o m o w a p i e r w i a s t k a , < B R >
A w 1 , A w 2 m a s y a t o m o w e i z o t o p ó w p i e r w i a s t k a , < B R >
% A w 1 , % A w 2 p r o c e n t o w e z a w a r t o [c i w y s t p u j c y c h w p r z y r o d z i e i z o t o p ó w < B R >
6 . M a s a c z s t e c z k o w a : < / B > m a s a c z s t e c z k i w y r a |o n a w j e d n o s t k a c h m a s y a t o m o w e j u ( d a l t o n a c h ) . J e s t o n a s u m a m a s a t o m o w y c h w s z y s t k i c h a t o m ó w t w o r z c y c h c z s t e c z k . M a s a c z s t e c z k o w a o k r e [l a i l e r a z y m a s a d a n e j c z s t e c z k i j e s t w i k s z a o d 1 / 1 2 m a s y a t o m u w g l a 1 2 C . < B R >
< B > 7 . M o l : < / B > i l o [ s u b s t a n c j i c h e m i c z n e j , z a w i e r a j c e j t y l e s a m o c z s t e k ( a t o m ó w , c z s t e c z e k , r o d n i k ó w , j o n ó w , e l e k t r o n ó w & ) , i l e a t o m ó w w g l a z n a j d u j e s i w 1 2 g n u k l i d u 1 2 C . W 1 2 g w g l a z n a j d u j e s i 6 , 0 2 2 * 1 0 2 3 a t o m ó w = N ( l i c z b a A v o g a d r o ) < B R >
N j e s t s t a B f i z y c z n , k t ó r m o |n a w y z n a c z y r ó |n y m i s p o s o b a m i , n p : N j e s t l i c z b e l e k t r o n ó w w m o l u e l e k t r o n ó w . < B R >
< B > F Ba d u n e k m o l a e l e k t r o n ó w , < B R >
e Ba d u n e k e l e m e n t a r n y < B R >
M a s a m o l o w a ( M ) : < / B > m a s a j e d n e g o m o l a a t o m ó w , c z s t e c z e k , j o n ó w b d z i n n y c h c z s t e k m a t e r i a l n y c h w y r a |o n a w g r a m a c h . < B R > < B R >
< B > 8 . S t |e n i a r o z t w o r ó w . < B R >
- p r o c e n t o w e : < / B > o k r e [l a m a s s u b s t a n c j i r o z p u s z c z o n e j w 1 0 0 g r o z t w o r u . < B R >
C p = * 1 0 0 % < B R >
< B > - m o l o w e : < / B > l i c z b a m o l i r o z p u s z c z o n e j s u b s t a n c j i z a w a r t e j w 1 l i t r z e r o z t w o r u . < B R >
< B R >
< B > - m o l a r n e : < / B > l i c z b a m o l i s u b s t a n c j i r o z p u s z c z o n a w 1 k g r o z t w o r u , < B R >
< B > - m o l a l n e : < / B > l i c z b a m o l i s u b s t a n c j i r o z p u s z c z o n a w 1 k g r o z p u s z c z a l n i k a , < B R > < B >
- u Ba m e k m o l o w y < / B > x i ( s k Ba d n i k a i ) t o s t o s u n e k l i c z b y m o l i t e g o s k Ba d n i k a n i d o o g ó l n e j l i c z b y m o l i n w r o z t w o r z e , c z y l i : < B R >
< B R >
S u m a u Ba m k ó w m o l o w y c h w s z y s t k i c h s k Ba d n i k ó w j e s t r ó w n a j e d n o [c i . M n o |c u Ba m e k m o l o w y p r z e z 1 0 0 , w y r a |a m y j e g o w a r t o [ w p r o c e n t a c h m o l o w y c h . < B R > < B >
9 . S k Ba d j d r a a t o m o w e g o : < / B > < B R >
J d r o a t o m o w e s k Ba d a s i z p r o t o n ó w i n e u t r o n ó w . < B R > < B > P r o t o n < / B > c z s t k a e l e m e n t a r n a o j e d n o s t k o w e j m a s i e , r ó w n e j 1 , 0 0 7 6 u
( m a s a r z e c z y w i s t a = 1 , 6 7 3 * 1 0 - 2 4 g ) , o j e d n o s t k o w y m Ba d u n k u e l e k t r y c z n y m d o d a t n i m , r ó w n y m 1 , 6 * 1 0 - 1 9 C i o j e d n o s t k o w y m m o m e n c i e m a g n e t y c z n y m . < B R > < B > N e u t r o n < / B > c z s t k a e l e m e n t a r n a e l e k t r y c z n i e o b o j t n a o m a s i e n i e c o w i k s z e j o d m a s y p r o t o n u i r ó w n e j 1 , 0 0 8 9 u
( m a s a r z e c z y w i s t a w y n o s i 1 , 6 7 5 = 1 0 - 2 4 g ) i o j e d n o s t k o w y m m o m e n c i e m a g n e t y c z n y m . < B R > < B >
N u k l i d y < / B > a t o m y o t e j s a m e j l i c z b i e p r o t o n ó w i n e u t r o n ó w w j d r z e , c z y l i o i d e n t y c z n y c h w a r t o [c i a c h l i c z b y m a s o w e j i a t o m o w e j . < B R > < B >
I z o t o p y < / B > t o n u k l i d y t e g o s a m e g o p i e r w i a s t k a r ó |n i c e s i l i c z b a n e u t r o n ó w w j d r z e ( m a j t s a m l i c z b a t o m o w a r ó |n m a s o w ) . I z o t o p y w y k a z u j p o d o b n e w Ba [c i w o [c i c h e m i c z n e , r ó |n i s i n a t o m i a s t w Ba [c i w o [c i a m i f i z y c z n y m i . < B R > < B >
I z o b a r y < / B > t o n u k l i d y r ó |n y c h p i e r w i a s t k ó w o t a k i e j s a m e j l i c z b i e m a s o w e j , c z y l i n u k l i d y o j e d n a k o w e j l i c z b i e n u k l e o n ó w , a r ó |n e j l i c z b i e p r o t o n ó w . < B R > < B >
I z o t o n y < / B > t o n u k l i d y r ó |n y c h p i e r w i a s t k ó w o t a k i e j s a m e j l i c z b i e n e u t r o n ó w . < B R >
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